1. carbohydrates 2.aminos 3.phosphates 4.proteins 5.carbonyls 2 See answers Advertisement Advertisement sbcardinals sbcardinals . If not, why not? The remaining six functional groups in the table all have varying degrees of hydrophilic character. Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch and is a highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells. Attribution: Marc T. Facciotti (own work). Since carbohydrates contain a carbonyl and an alcohol functional groups, they can form intramolecular (cyclic) hemiacetals. Aldehyde 2. Identify the functional groups for the following organic molecules. All rights reserved ThisNutrition 2018-2023. To add to the excellent reply from Okapi, another reason why glucose is stored as glycogen is that if it were stored as free glucose, this would cause osmotic pressure to increase such that cell membranes would rupture. What is the difference between a monomer and a monosaccharide? They cannot be hydrolyzed into a simpler form. Acetals, hemiacetals, ketals and hemiketals in drug metabolism. In carbohydrates which are the main functional groups are present? Functional groups can be classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic based on their charge and polarity characteristics. Sterols and Steroid Glycosides Functional Groups of Lipids Functional groups of lipids are groups of lipid molecules that perform specific biological functions. This is also true for many disaccharides and many short-chain polymers. Starch (from the Old English word stercan, meaning "to stiffen") is found mostly in seeds, roots, and stems, where it is stored as an available energy source for plants. Most large biological molecules in fact contain many types of atoms beyond just carbon and hydrogen. Functional groups are found along the "carbon backbone" of macromolecules which is formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element such as nitrogen or oxygen. Figure 3. What is N-(2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)carbonyl] Bisnor-(cis)-tilidine's functional group? Simple carbohydrates can be classified based on the functional group found in the molecule, i.e ketose (contains a ketone) or aldose (contains an aldehyde). They are the most abundant organic molecules in nature and are also referred to as "saccharides". Thus, propane, propene, and propyne follow the same pattern with three carbon molecules, butane, butane, and butyne for four carbon molecules, and so on. The simplest carbohydrates are the three-carbon dihydroxyacetone and trioses glyceraldehyde. General names for carbohydrates include sugars, starches, saccharides, and polysaccharides. Saturated fats are a solid at room temperature and usually of animal origin. In a polymer, because there are so many H-bonds, this can provide a lot of strength to the molecule or molecular complex, especially if the polymers interact. Ketone What are Aldehydes? Functional groups are groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. They are as follows: 1. Or is it so that ONLY carbohydrates have one carbon (C) atom to one H2O? Those are the functional groups consisting of only carbons and hydrogens. It is mostly made of glucose molecules connected by 1-4 glycosidic linkages, but has glucose molecules connected by 1-6 linkages at the branch points. if single bonds can rotate freely do the stereoisomers become each other interchangeably ? Some cells, such as red blood cells, are only able to produce cellular energy from glucose. The unique properties of carbon make it a central part of biological molecules. Figure 7. Direct link to David Son's post how alkanes are less reac, Posted 7 years ago. These forms exist in equilibrium with each other, but equilibrium strongly favors the ring forms (particularly in aqueous, or water-based, solution). Cellulose is not very soluble in water in its crystalline state; this can be approximated by the stacked cellulose fiber depiction above. Sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. What should I start learning after learning the basics of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Carbohydrates usually contain a carbonyl (=O) and hydroxyl (OH) functional group. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all hexoses. The question: Is there a method to the naming of these that might help me remember? Fructose and ribose also form rings, although they form five-membered rings as opposed to the six-membered ring of glucose. While simple carbohydrates fall nicely into this 1:2:1 ratio, carbohydrates can also be structurally more complex. This carbon backbone is formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element such as nitrogen or oxygen. 0 0 In the trans configuration, the carbons form a more or less linear structure, whereas the carbons in the cis configuration make a bend (change in direction) of the carbon backbone. What elements do lipids and carbohydrates share? Structural isomers (like butane and isobutene shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)a differ in the placement of their covalent bonds: both molecules have four carbons and ten hydrogens (C4H10), but the different arrangement of the atoms within the molecules leads to differences in their chemical properties. Functional groups are a group of an atom that is even attached to an organic or bond that changes the chemical and physical property of an entire molecule. Bottom: amylopectin has a branching structure. a long chain molecule with identical group of atoms. Hydrocarbons, made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, make wonderful combustion fuels (such fuels include propane, butane, and the bulk of commercial gasoline). All of those H-bonds also make them quite "sticky". Direct link to John Morgenthaler's post In the 5th paragraph, the, Posted 4 years ago. Besides water, which makes up most of the potatos weight, theres a little fat, a little proteinand a whole lot of carbohydrate (about 37 grams in a medium potato). This numbering is shown for glucose and fructose, above. f Qualitative Analysis of Functional Groups Materials Required: 1. In contrast to unsaturated fats, triglycerides without double bonds between carbon atoms are called saturated fats, meaning that they contain all the hydrogen atoms available. Methane, an excellent fuel, is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, with a central carbon atom bonded to four different hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). (The reaction also releases a water molecule, not pictured.). 2. Direct link to sammiihh's post How can you identify a ca, Posted 4 years ago. In these animals, certain species of bacteria and protists reside in the rumen (part of the digestive system of herbivores) and secrete the enzyme cellulase. So far, the hydrocarbons we have discussed have been aliphatic hydrocarbons, which consist of linear chains of carbon atoms. Direct link to Ala's post With the glucose and gala, Posted 4 years ago. Carbohydrates can contain hydroxyl (alcohol) groups, ethers, aldehydes and/or ketones. Simple carbohydrates can be classified based on the functional group found in the molecule, i.e ketose (contains a ketone) or aldose (contains an aldehyde). Does this happen or is there a reason why it can't? Lastly, we must consider functional groups that arise through the linking of saccharides. Carbon binds to oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen covalently to form the many molecules important for cellular function. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The carbonyl group bonds with a carbon atom to form a ring structure that is often found in polysaccharides that usually form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups. When the carbons are bound on the same side of the double bond, this is the cis configuration; if they are on opposite sides of the double bond, it is a trans configuration. Structurally, how does a polysaccharide differ from a polypeptide? Generally, carbohydrates are classified into three major groups. Some of the important functional groups in biological molecules are shown above: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl (not shown). Which Biomolecules simply refers as "Staff of life" in the given macromolecules? There are compounds where phosphorous forms three bonds (this is associated with an oxidation state of +3 or -3), but this element seems to prefer an oxidation state of +5. Direct link to tyersome's post There are compounds where, Posted 7 years ago. Step 1/4. Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are primary examples of polysaccharides. For simple carbohydrates, the ratio of carbon-to-hydrogen-to-oxygen in the molecule is 1:2:1. The term saccharide is derived from the Latin word " sacchararum" from the sweet taste of sugars. An example of a hydrophobic group is the non-polar methane molecule. Carbohydrates are one of life's most important classes of molecules. Without functional groups, everything would be straight chain alkanes and other boring hydrocarbons. The monosaccharides are white, crystalline solids that contain a single aldehyde or ketone functional group. Glycolipids Membrane Lipids | 4 Important Points 5. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides ( mono - = "one"; sacchar - = "sweet") are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose. Carbohydrates are an example of the many types of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons We'll start with an overview of simple hydrocarbons. This page titled 1.4: Carbon and Functional Groups is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax. Question 9. As an example, the drug Amlodipine (marketed under the name Norvasc . Carboxyl 3. In sucrose, a glycosidic linkage is formed between the C1 carbon in glucose and the C2 carbon in fructose. Direct link to Danny's post if single bonds can rotat, Posted 7 years ago. The first one, called a hydrocarbon functional group, consists of atoms of hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates That Will Help You Lose Weight What Do You Need To Know About Carbohydrates? Figure 2.27 shows some of the important functional groups in biological molecules. Carbohydrates can contain hydroxyl (alcohol) groups, ethers, aldehydes and/or ketones. This composition gives carbohydrates their name: they are made up of carbon ( carbo -) plus water (- hydrate ). Fructose The 3 Carboxyl Groups 1. Carbohydrates usually contain a carbonyl ( = O) and hydroxyl ( OH) functional group. Termites are also able to break down cellulose because of the presence of other organisms in their bodies that secrete cellulases. Carbohydrates or saccharides (G.sugar)are hydrated C and polymers which on hydrolysis yield aldehyde or ketone subunits. Legal. The carbonyl group bonds with a carbon atom to form a ring structure that is often found in polysaccharides that usually form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Starch is the stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin; both are polymers of glucose. We will look at the presence of functional groups in the more basic elements to see who are the functional groups involved in carbohydrates. One important monosaccharide is glucose, a six-carbon sugar with the formula, Glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (. Draw the structural formula from the . Can you suggest a reason for why (based on the types of interactions) it might be so insoluble? With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. Also pictured ring forms of ribose and fructose. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. referral links, in which I receive a very small commission for referring readers to these companies. For example, carbohydrates can have phosphates or amino groups substituted at a variety of sites within the molecule. Formation of a 1-2 glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose via dehydration synthesis. In a sucrose molecule, the. Naming and drawing . During this process, the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond. A: First calculate the number of moles for ammonia and then use mol to mol ratio to calculate the mass. Glucose and galactose are stereoisomers (have atoms bonded together in the same order, but differently arranged in space). We have just discussed the various types and structures of carbohydrates found in biology. 1. Monosaccharides can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules. Carbohydrates are chains (or polymers) of basic sugar molecules such as glucose, fructose and galactose. Legal. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post Because it requires break, Posted 7 years ago. 1. Hydrogen bonds are also involved in various recognition processes, such as DNA complementary base pairing and the binding of an enzyme to its substrate, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\). The functional groups in a macromolecule are usually attached to the carbon backbone at one or several different places along its chain and/or ring structure. Hydrogen bonds between functional groups (within the same molecule or between different molecules) are important to the function of many macromolecules and help them to fold properly into and maintain the appropriate shape for functioning. Direct link to ujalakhalid01's post we have looked at the lin, Posted 7 years ago. The linear form can convert into either the alpha or the beta ring form, with the two forms differing in the position of the hydroxyl group derived from the carbonyl of the linear form. In cholesterol, the hydrocarbons connect to form two different shapes -- rings and chains. D)Carbon is electronegative. They are not mirror i, Posted 7 years ago. 1. Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer. In nature, only the L-forms of amino acids are used to make proteins. There are many more functional groups,any tips for remembering there names? Carbohydrates can contain hydroxyl (alcohol) groups, ethers, aldehydes and/or ketones. In the process, a water molecule is lost. The carbonyl groups normally do not occur as such, but are combined with hydroxyl groups to form hemiacetal or acetal linkages of the kind discussed in Section 15-4E. In triglycerides (fats and oils), long carbon chains known as fatty acids may contain double bonds, which can be in either the cis or trans configuration, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\). CLEAR AND SIMPLE - Learn how biomolecules (organic molecules) are chemically formed. There are 3 different types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides (dissaccharides) Polysaccharides Monomers of carbohydrates - monosaccharides Monomers of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, are the simplest form of 3 types of carbohydrates. While we may be most familiar with the role carbohydrates play in nutrition, they also have a variety of other essential functions in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria. Polysaccharides are often organized by the number of sugar molecules in the chain, such as in a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or trisaccharide. In fructose, the carbonyl group is on the C2 carbon, forming a ketone group. Again, this difference gives fructose different chemical and structural properties from those of the aldoses, glucose, and galactose, even though fructose, glucose, and galactose all have the same chemical composition: C6H12O6. By number of carbons: glyceraldehyde (triose), ribose (pentose), and glucose (hexose). As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\), an amino acid alanine example, the two structures are non-superimposable. One of the primary functions of carbohydrates is to provide your body with energy. Plants are able to synthesize glucose. Direct link to RogerP's post Amino groups are polar so, Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Scott's post What is the difference be, Posted 7 years ago. These chains cluster together to form parallel bundles that are held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups. Functional groups are the basis of why molecules can and will react with each other. What Do You Need To Know About Carbohydrates? The methane molecule provides an example: it has the chemical formula CH4. In order to see which functional groups are present in carbohydrates, we must look at the functional groups present in the more basic building blocks. Starch is made up of glucose monomers that are joined by 1-4 or 1-6 glycosidic bonds; the numbers 1-4 and 1-6 refer to the carbon number of the two residues that have joined to form the bond. 0 0 Because it requires breaking off the bonds. Carbohydrates are organic compounds. Terms hydrophobiclacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water hydrophilichaving an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water Location of Functional Groups They are a group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula Cx (H2O)y. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for the body and are found in a wide range of foods . Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules. Glycogen is usually stored in liver and muscle cells. Some of that carbohydrate is in the form of sugars. However, sugars will only have one aldehyde OR one ketone functional group. Artificial sweeteners have gained in popularity as consumers seek out products without sugar, but a new study suggests a potential link between keto-friendly sweetener erythritol and an elevated . Lipids with Hydrophilic Groups 3. In order to see which functional groups are present in carbohydrates, we must look at the functional groups present in the more basic building blocks. Direct link to V1dotra1's post How can you tell if a fun, Posted 4 years ago. Carbohydrates are chains (or polymers) of basic sugar molecules such as glucose, fructose and galactose. It may also include their derivatives which produce such compounds on hydrolysis. Functional groups include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. Just think of cellulose, a polymer of glucose, if you have any doubts. Wood-chewing termites also break down cellulose with the help of microorganisms that live in their guts. We often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives as fuelslike the propane in a gas grill or the butane in a lighter. What Carbohydrates Should Be Eaten Every Day, Fats, Carbohydrates, Fruits, Vegetables: How Much To Eat To Be Healthy, Aldi Cholesterol Lowering Drinks V Benecol. C) Each carbon can form four bonds to a variety of other elements. The bee's exoskeleton (hard outer shell) contains chitin, which is made out of modified glucose units that have a nitrogenous functional group attached to them. The three-dimensional placement of atoms and chemical bonds within organic molecules is central to understanding their chemistry. The short molecules are soluble in polar substances like water because they are relatively polar. The atoms of functional groups are bound by covalent bonds with one another and with the rest of the molecule. { "01.1:_Welcome_to_BIS2A" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
b__1]()", "01.2:_The_Scientific_Method" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01.3:_Problem_Solving" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02.1:_The_Design_Challenge" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02.2:_Bacterial_and_Archaeal_Diversity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02.3:_Eukaryotic_Cell:_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03.1:_Electronegativity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03.2:_Bond_TypesIonic_and_Covalent" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03.3:_Hydrogen_Bonds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03.4:_Functional_Groups" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04.1:_Carbohydrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04.2:_Lipids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04.3:_Amino_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04.4:_Nucleic_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05.1:_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05.2:_Enzymes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05.3:_pH" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.1:_pKa" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.2:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.3:_Energy_Story" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.4:_Thermodynamics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.5:_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.6:_Free_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.7:_Endergonic_and_Exergonic_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06.8:_Activation_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07.1:_Energy_Story" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07.2:_Energy_and_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07.3:_Chemical_EquilibriumPart_1:_Forward_and_Reverse_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07.4:_Chemical_EquilibriumPart_2:_Free_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08.1:_ATP" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08.2:_Reduction_Oxidation_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08.3:_Electron_Carriers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09.1:_Metabolism_in_BIS2A" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09.2:_Glycolysis:_Beginning_Principles_of_Energy_and_Carbon_Flow" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09.3:_Fermentation_and_Regeneration_of_NAD" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10.1:_Oxidation_of_Pyruvate_and_the_TCA_Cycle" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10.2:_Introduction_to_Electron_Transport_Chains_and_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.1:_Electron_Transport_Chains" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.2:_Light_Energy_and_Pigments" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3:_Photophosphorylation:_Anoxygenic_and_Oxygenic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Light_Independent_Reactions_and_Carbon_Fixation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.1:_Eukaryotic_Origins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_The_Cytoskeleton" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15.1:_Membranes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15.2:_Membrane_Transport" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15.3:_Membrane_Transport_with_Selective_Permeability" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16.1:_The_DNA_Double_Helix_and_Its_Replication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17.1:_The_Flow_of_Genetic_Information" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.1:_Transcriptionfrom_DNA_to_RNA" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19.1:_TranslationProtein_Synthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19.2:_The_Endomembrane_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20.1:_Mutations_and_Mutants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.1:_Sickle_Cell_Anemia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22.1:_Gene_regulation:_Introduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.1:_Gene_regulation:_Bacterial" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23.2:_Gene_regulation:_Eukaryotic" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24.1:_Cell_division:_Bacterial" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24.2:_Cell_division:_Mitosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25.1:_Cell_division:_Mitosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25.2:_Cell_division:_Meiosis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Genomes:_a_Brief_Introduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { Bis2A_SS2_Lecture_Agenda : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Readings : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_California_Davis%2FBIS_2A%253A_Introductory_Biology_(Easlon)%2FReadings%2F04.1%253A_Carbohydrates, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Fructose versus both glucose and galactose, Linear versus ring form of the monosaccharides, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, lactose, or dextrose, end with an "-ose.".